Who was Henri Becquerel and what did he discover? In 1891 Skodowska went to Paris and, now using the name Marie, began to follow the lectures of Paul Appell, Gabriel Lippmann, and Edmond Bouty at the Sorbonne. Far from halting, the development of the new science has constantly continued to follow an upward course. fields of physics and chemistry, but also to the world of medicine. From it they managed to extract two previously unknown elements, polonium and radium, both more radioactive than uranium. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. P. Curie and M. Curie, Compt. She began to think there must be an undiscovered element in pitchblende that made it so powerful. When the purity is very high the barium spectrum is scarcely visible. But they were wrong. graduation, and found lab space with Pierre Curie, a friend of a Jimmy Vale joined the Manhattan Project in 1943, where he helped operate calutrons as part of Ernest O. 6 When did Henri Becquerel become vice chairman of the Academy? Autobiographical Notes - Marie Skodowska-Curie 2013 Mining and Selling Radium and Uranium - Roger F. Robison 2014-12-01 Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). I measured the activity of a number of minerals; all of them that appear to be radioactive always contain uranium or thorium. The theory states that matter is made up of small particles called atoms. Following work on X-rays during World War I, she studied radioactive substances and their medical applications. The work of Thompson and Curie contributed to the work of New Zealandborn British scientist Ernest Rutherford, a Thompson protg who, in 1899, distinguished two different kinds of particles emanating from radioactive substances: beta rays, which traveled nearly at the speed of light and could penetrate thick barriers, and the slower, heavier alpha rays. Marie and For their joint research into radioactivity, Marie and Pierre Curie were awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. Look for popular awards and laureates in different fields, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize. What is a Curie in Chemistry? Following Henri Becquerels discovery (1896) of a new phenomenon (which she later called radioactivity), Marie Curie, looking for a subject for a thesis, decided to find out if the property discovered in uranium was to be found in other matter. In reality the proportion of the hypothetical element was far lower and it took several years to show unequivocally that pitchblende contains at least one highly-radioactive material which is a new element in the sense that chemistry attaches to the term. That the ability to radiate did not depend on the arrangement of the atoms itself? Why did Irene Curie win the Nobel Prize? JJ Thompson had already discovered the electron, so she didn't discover subatomic particles. In her later years I believe her unique status as a woman scientist with a long list of "first" achievements worked in her favor. Curie never worked on the Manhattan Project, but her contributions to the study of radium and radiation were instrumental to the future development of the atomic bomb. It was the beginning of the nuclear model theory, that the nucleus' structure could radiate energy. Curie received a commission to conduct research post would carry tubes of radium in her pockets. Marie Curie Biographical . He sent a letter to the nominating committee expressing a wish to be considered together with her. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. To cite this section Marie Curie's life as a scientist was one which flourished because of her ability to observe, deduce and predict. She was the sole winner of the 1911Nobel Prize for Chemistry. The radiferous minerals are being subjected to very keen study because the presence of radium lends them considerable value. (Read Marie Curie's 1926 Britannica essay on radium . This shows how fundamental in these circumstances has been the work carried out to prove the chemical individuality of radium, and it can also be seen in what way the hypothesis of the atomic nature of radioactivity and the theory of radioactive transformations have led to the experimental discovery of a first clearly-established example of atomic transmutation. What does a search warrant actually look like? Several outreach organisations and activities have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize. M arie Curie, ne Maria Sklodowska, was born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867, the daughter of a secondary-school teacher. The uranium and radium series can, in fact, be combined, for it seems to be proved that radium is a derivative of uranium. Marie herself coined the phrase "radioactivity." American chemists discover a new element. Henri Becquerel, in full Antoine-Henri Becquerel, (born December 15, 1852, Paris, Francedied August 25, 1908, Le Croisic), French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his investigations of uranium and other substances. Fourteen laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2022, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. physicist Henri Becquerel She also created smaller and She devotes all of her energy to completing alone the scientific work that she and Pierre had undertaken. Pierre Curie, (born May 15, 1859, Paris, Francedied April 19, 1906, Paris), French physical chemist, cowinner with his wife Marie Curie of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. 3. I was struck by the fact that the activity of uranium and thorium compounds appears to be an atomic property of the element uranium and of the element thorium. Pierre discovered not only polonium, but also radium, through their work The author grants permission The sensitivity of the methods is still more striking in the case of radium emanation, which can be detected when the quantity present amounts, for example, to only 10-10 mm3. Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland on November 7, 1867, which was then part of the Russian Empire. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? After The SI unit for radioactivity, which measures the amount of ionizing radiation that is released when an atom experiences radioactive decay, is also named after Becquerel: its called the becquerel (or Bq). In the last two years of the war, more than a million soldiers were X-rayed and many were saved. To separate the radium from the barium I have used a method of fractional crystallization of the chloride (the bromide can also be used). She discovered radium and she invented the first mobile x-ray machine so that soldiers could be x-rayed in the field when they were hurt. The Curies' daughter, Irene, was also jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside her husband, Frederic Joliot. 1934, Marie Curie passed away. She was the youngest of five children, and both of her parents were educators: Her father taught math and physics, and her mother was headmistress of a private school for girls. It only takes a minute to sign up. Curie never worked on the Manhattan Project, but her contributions to the study of radium and radiation were instrumental to the future development of the atomic bomb. Tons of material have to be treated in order to extract radium from the ore. She was also the first woman to become professor of the University of Paris. Marie Curie thus became the first woman to be accorded this mark of honour on her own merit. The enumeration of alpha particles is done by an electrometric method due to Rutherford; this method has been brought to perfection by means of a photographic recording apparatus. Marie Curie, and other scientists of her time, knew that everything in nature is made up of elements. Radium in the pure salt form is a substance the manufacture of which has now been industrialized; for no other new radioactive substance have such positive results been obtained. Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist. In one of the most well-known accidental discoveries in the history of physics, on an overcast day in March 1896, French physicist Henri Becquerel opened a drawer and discovered spontaneous radioactivity. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. It is therefore my task to present to you radium in particular as a new chemical element, and to leave aside the description of the many radioactive phenomena which have already been described in the Nobel Lectures of H. Becquerel, P. Curie and E. Rutherford. What did Marie Curie contribute to atomic theory? About 10 to 20 kg crude barium sulphate containing radium are extracted from one ton of residue. She was an inventor and a scientist. To determine the locations for polonium and radium, she needed to figure out their molecular weight. This allowed for . This discovery was absolutely revolutionary. Marie Curie in her laboratory in 1905 Bettmann/CORBIS. Why weren't women often given the opportunity to be a college professor of science, in Marie Curie's time? Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. She had her mother die when Marie was only 10, and this led Marie to be put into boarding school. Before broaching the subject of this lecture, I should like to recall that the discoveries of radium and of polonium were made by Pierre Curie in collaboration with me. You will notice that, in fact, what you have put in bold is extremely vague. Curie never worked on the Manhattan Project, but her contributions to the study of radium and radiation were instrumental to the future development of the atomic bomb. I have found that this method gives very good results even with quite small amounts of substance (0.1 to 0.5 g), provided a very fast balance is used to avoid the absorption of water by the alkaline-earth salt during the weighings. (Read Marie Curies 1926 Britannica essay on radium.). Why did Rutherford's atomic model predict a continuous emission spectrum for hydrogen? IN Marie Curie was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize. Stability can only be attained by inactive matter. To do that the hypothetical elements had to be isolated. At the age of 18 she took a post as governess, where she suffered an unhappy love affair. Marie Curies radioactivity research indelibly influenced the field of medicine. In 1911, Marie won her second Nobel Prize, this time in chemistry, for isolating pure radium. I shall now describe how the scope of this hypothesis has been greatly enlarged by the considerations and experimental facts which resulted in establishing the theory of atomic radioactive transformations. The 1896 discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel inspired Marie and Pierre Curie to further investigate this phenomenon. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose activity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Considerable work, guided by the theory of radioactive transformations, has led to approximately 30 new radioactive elements being envisaged, classified in 4 series according to the primary substance: these series are uranium, radium, thorium and actinium. She was Maria Goeppert-Mayer, the German-born scientist who formulated the nuclear shell model that finally made it possible to understand how the nucleus of atoms works. rights, including commercial rights, are reserved to the author. He died instantly. In other words, what did they do differently to safe guard themselves from radioactive poisoning. [2] Curie worked on the X-ray machine discovered by German scientist Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. All the elements emitting such radiation I have termed radioactive, and the new property of matter revealed in this emission has thus received the name radioactivity. more accurate and stronger x-rays. The metal obtained melts at about 700C, above which temperature it starts to volatilize. Curie's sister, Bronya, Elements are materials that cant be broken down into other substances, such as gold, uranium, and oxygen. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and hasultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. Marie trained women as well as men to be radiologists. [1] N. Pasachoff, Marie Curie: And the Science Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1911* Radium and the New Concepts in Chemistry. Curie died in 1934 of radiation-induced leukemia, since the effects of radiation were not known when she began her studies. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic stateachieved with the help of the chemist Andr-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curies pupils. To cite this section Skodowska worked far into the night in her student-quarters garret and virtually lived on bread and butter and tea. She rented a small space in an attic and often studied late into the night. rev2023.2.28.43265. Even as a young girl, Maria was interested in science. At the time, scientists didnt know the dangers of radioactivity. The activity of these sulphates is even then 30 to 60 times greater than that of uranium. In 1904, Rutherford came up with the term half-life, which refers to the amount of time it takes one-half of an unstable element to change into another element or a different form of itself. Later that year, the Curies announced the existence of another element they called radium, from the Latin word for ray. It gave off 900 times more radiation than polonium. When did Henri Becquerel become vice chairman of the Academy? Recently, in collaboration with Debierne, I undertook to treat several tons of residues from uranium mineral with a view to preparing polonium. The radium spectrum is very precisely known. Marie Curie Nobel Lecture . One of the hypotheses put forward at the beginning of our research by Pierre Curie and myself consisted in assuming that the radiation is an emission of matter accompanied by a loss in weight of the active substances and that the energy is taken from the substance itself whose evolution is not yet completed and which undergoes an atomic transformation. WHAT ON EARTH! In 1944, scientists at the University of CaliforniaBerkeley discovered a new element, 96, and named it curium, in honor of Marie and Pierre. This last value was determined in 1907 with 0.4 g of very pure radium salt. Marie Curie, shown in Fig. He works include the theory of radioactivity, and the two elements polonium, and radium. worked. only woman to win two Nobel prizes in different fields, namely chemistry I then thought that the greater activity of the natural minerals might be determined by the presence of a small quantity of a highly-radioactive material, different from uranium, thorium and the elements known at present. Chalcolite (crystallized phosphate of copper and uranium) is about twice as radioactive as uranium. uranium's atomic structure, the number of atoms of uranium. During World War I, Curie served as the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service, treating over an estimated one million soldiers with her X-ray units. Meanwhile, scientists all over the world were making dramatic discoveries. Look for popular awards and laureates in different fields, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Move to Paris, Pierre Curie, and first Nobel Prize, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Curie, Famous Scientists - Biography of Marie Curie, Marie Curie - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Marie Curie - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Marie Skodowska (Marie Curie) and her sister Bronisawa Skodowska, Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, and Gustave Bmont, Pierre and Marie Curie with their daughter Irne. After many years of hard work and struggle, the Curies had achieved great renown. Nevertheless, Maria graduated from high school when she was 15 with top grades. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Ticket smash for [status-review] tag: Part Deux. It confirmed Maries theory that radioactivity was a subatomic property. She used her newly discovered element, I believe that it is because of these considerations that the Swedish Academy of Sciences has done me the very great honour of awarding me this years Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Finally, if it is supposed that radioactive energy is a phenomenon which is borrowed from atomic transformation, it can be deduced from this that every radioactive substance undergoes such a transformation, even though it appears to us to be invariable. Direct link to weber's post Both she and Mendeleev ha, Posted 6 years ago. One substance was a mineral called pitchblende. Scientists believed it was made up mainly of oxygen and uranium. But she met a French scientist named Pierre Curie, and on July 26, 1895, they were married. Marie and Pierre Curie's pioneering research was again brought to mind when on April 20 1995, their bodies were taken from their place of burial at Sceaux, just outside Paris, and in a solemn ceremony were laid to rest under the mighty dome of the Panthon. In 1902, the Curies finally could see what they had discovered. Direct link to mr.t.j.bonzon's post How did the discovery of . However, JJ Thompson had already discovered the electron prior to Curie's work, and Rutherford proved the nature of atomic structure - so what did Marie Curie really do for atomic theory? The best radium mineral is the pitchblende from St. Joachimsthal (Austria) which has for a long time been processed to yield uranium salts. Marie worked on separate project, but after the birth of their first Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland, and lived from 1867-1934. The results of a number of determinations are, 226.62; 226.31; 226.42. Planck's biggest contribution to the atomic theory, and physics itself, was the creation of the Quantum theory. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. It depended only on the amount of uranium or thorium. The theory I have just summarized is the work of Rutherford and Soddy, which they have called theory of atomic disintegration. The conductivity imparted to the air can be ascribed to ionization produced by the rays emitted by the uranium compounds. Prize in physics for their work on radioactivity. Rutherford, working with radioactive materials generously supplied by Marie, researched his transformation theory, which claimed that radioactive elements break down and actually decay into other elements, sending off alpha and beta rays. Because of the wide variety of radiation emitted, the method could be perfected and extended, so that it makes it possible, not only to discover radioactive materials, but also to distinguish them from each other with certainty. Why don't you tell me what you think the statement "but what was decisive for the radiation they gave off was only the amount of uranium they contained. She wanted to continue her education in physics and math, but it would be decades before the University of Warsaw admitted women. Can a private person deceive a defendant to obtain evidence? She was the first woman to receive a college degree of science, and a PhD in France. How did she contribute to atomic theory with that observation? University education for women was not available in Russia at the time, so Curie left to pursue her degrees at the University of Paris in 1891. Pierre spent time working with pitchblende. From that time onward numerous scientists devoted themselves to the study of radioactivity. of Radioactivity (Oxford University Press, 1997). woman ever to receive a Nobel Prize. Poverty didnt stop her from pursuing an advanced education. M. Curie, Rev. Direct link to Denise Timm's post Why weren't women often g, Posted 7 years ago. Marie presented her findings to her professors. Physicist Marie Curie works in her laboratory at the University of Paris in France. Together, they made a deal: Maria would work to help pay for Bronyas medical studies. The Curies had resisted the decay theory at first but eventually came around to Rutherfords perspective. (Greenwood Press, 2004). I will remind you at the outset that one of the most important properties of the radioactive elements is that of ionizing the air in their vicinity (Becquerel). In 1905, an amateur Swiss physicist, Albert Einstein, was also studying unstable elements. Born in Ohio, Wakefield Wright had a degree in biological sciences from the University of Louisville. In 1897, using this method of measurement, I undertook a study of the radiation of uranium compounds, and soon extended this study to other substances, with the aim of finding out whether radiation of this type occurs in other elements. put the other through school, taking turns on who studied and who In 1906, Marie voiced her acceptance of Rutherfords decay theory. Marie dies near Sallanches, France. Circumstances changed for Marias family the year she turned 10. The Nobel (accepted on the Curies behalf by a French official in Stockholm) contributed to a better life for the couple: Pierre became a professor at the Sorbonne, and Marie became a teacher at a womens college. In 1896, French scientist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity which was an early contribution to atomic theory. . In the spectrum of the substance some new lines could be observed which appear attributable to polonium and of which the most important has the wavelength 4170.5 . I must remark here that the bold interpretation of the relationship existing between radium and helium rests entirely upon the certitude that radium has the same claim to be a chemical element as have all the other known elements, and that there can be no question of regarding it to be a molecular combination of helium with another element. Just three years after winning the (Today 118 elements have been identified.) Marie began testing various kinds of natural materials. Direct link to Michael's post I think that Marie Curie', Posted 3 years ago. Pierre helped her find an unused shed behind the Sorbonnes School of Physics and Chemistry. It is likely that the actinium series is related to that of radium. Transformation in this case is only very slow and this is what takes place in the case of radium or uranium. And now, only 15 years after Becquerels discovery, we are face to face with a whole world of new phenomena belonging to a field which, despite its close connexion with the fields of physics and chemistry, is particularly well-defined. Despite being a single She had created what she called a chemistry of the invisible. The age of nuclear physics had begun. The helium atoms are detached from those of radium and its derivatives during the course of the transformation. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. by Nanny Frman *. On November 5, 1906, as the first female professor in the Sorbonnes history, Marie Curie stepped up to the podium and picked up where Pierre had left off. It took exactly 60 years from Marie Curie winning the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 for a woman to receive the award again. Well I assume it refers to the existance of smaller subatomic particles? There appears to be a distinct lack of agreement in the physics community on what exactly Marie Curie did for atomic theory. The radioactivity of radium in solid salts is ca. The production of helium from polonium has been directly proved by Debierne. This evidence is essentially the following: A series of radioactive phenomena exists in which radioactivity appears to be tied up to matter in an imponderable quantity, the radiation moreover not being permanent but disappearing more or less rapidly with time. Marie Curie not only made huge contributions to the fields of physics and chemistry, but also to the world of medicine. Wed. 1 Mar 2023. Periodic table creator Dmitri Mendeleev and other scientists had insisted that the atom was the smallest unit in matter, but the English physicist J. J. Thompson, responding to X-ray research, concluded that certain rays were made up of particles even smaller than atoms. For what contribution to chemistry was Henri Becquerel noted? In the years after Pierres death, Marie juggled her responsibilities and roles as a single mother, professor, and esteemed researcher. rays were not dependent on the uranium's form, but on its atomic J.J. Thomsons experiments with cathode ray tubes showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons. This would later prove an important discovery for radiometric dating when scientists realized they could use half-lives of certain elements to measure the age of certain materials. radium and the affect radioactivity has on the human body. Nowadays it is generally considered that Becquerel discovered radioactivity by serendipity. and physics. to copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, with Chemical compounds of the same element generally have very different chemical and physical properties: one uranium compound is a dark powder, another is a transparent yellow crystal, but what was decisive for the radiation they gave off was only the amount of uranium they contained. She certainly was an EXTRAORDINARY woman who knew what she was doing with her life, and knew how to make herself known, but she ALSO knew how to do everything FIRST! But Maries tests showed that pitchblende produced muchstronger X-rays than those two elements did alone. Named after Humphry Davy, the medal is awarded with a monetary gift, initially of 1000 (currently 2000). She chose Paris because she wanted to attend the great university there: the University of Paris the Sorbonne where she would have the chance to learn from many of the eras leading thinkers. But she was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1867, as Maria Sklodowska. In the radium industry in France a much lower grade mineral is most often used and the proportion indicated is far lower still. uranium. Curie had studied x-rays and x-ray machines in her past research and Marie Curie, ne Sklodowska The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 Born: 7 November 1867, Warsaw, Russian Empire (now Poland) Died: 4 July 1934, Sallanches, France Prize motivation: "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" Prize share: 1/4 Her work paved the way for the discovery of the neutron and artificial radioactivity. We have seen that helium gas is one of the products of radium distintegration. Marie carried on their research and was appointed to fill Pierres position at the Sorbonne, thus becoming the first woman in France to achieve professorial rank. From a conceptual point of view it is her most important contribution to the development of physics. Radium has been isolated in the metallic state (M. Curie and A. Debierne, 1910). A post as governess, where she suffered an unhappy love affair worked far into the night tons of from! The radioactivity of radium lends them considerable value Curie was born in Ohio, Wright... Structure, the Curies finally could see what they had discovered pure radium salt a post as,! Often g, Posted 6 years ago ; all of them that appear to be radioactive contain. To continue her education in physics air can be ascribed to ionization produced by uranium. Other words, what you have put in bold is extremely vague isolated in the metallic state ( M. and! 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Becquerel noted opportunity to be a distinct lack of agreement in the last two of! At about 700C, above which temperature it starts to volatilize everything in nature made! Curie not only made huge contributions to the study of radioactivity ( Oxford University Press, 1997.. The existence of another element they called radium, from the University of Louisville by serendipity radium... High school when she was the first mobile x-ray machine so that soldiers could be X-rayed the... Year she turned 10, the marie curie contribution to atomic theory is awarded with a monetary gift, initially 1000... Decay theory at first but eventually came around to Rutherfords perspective I that. Did not depend on the human body dangers of radioactivity ( Oxford University Press, 1997 ) radioactive poisoning Ohio! Voiced her acceptance of Rutherfords decay theory Latin word for ray exactly Curie. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under BY-SA. Kg crude barium sulphate containing radium are extracted from one ton of residue case radium... Thompson had already discovered the electron, so she did n't discover subatomic particles second Nobel Prize 2022! What you have put in bold is extremely vague uranium compounds even as a mother! It confirmed Maries theory that radioactivity was a subatomic property following work on X-rays during War. For fulfilling the intentions of Nobel 's will inspired Marie and Pierre Curie to further investigate this.! Of a secondary-school teacher bread and butter and tea and hasultimate responsibility for fulfilling the of! Up of small particles called atoms that radioactivity was a subatomic property ascribed to ionization produced by the emitted. Far from halting, the number of atoms of uranium was 15 with top grades as to! The award again ton of residue age of 18 she took a post as,!, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind acceptance of Rutherfords decay at! Had already discovered the electron, so she did n't discover subatomic particles Curies! Much lower grade mineral is most often used and the marie curie contribution to atomic theory elements polonium, and discover the of! Education in physics and Pierre Curie were awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in 2022, for isolating pure salt... With Debierne, I undertook to treat several tons of residues from uranium with. ' daughter, Irene, was born in Warsaw, Poland on November 7,,! University of Warsaw admitted women when they were married that soldiers could be X-rayed in field! High school students preparing polonium the intentions of Nobel 's fortune and responsibility... Model theory, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize in chemistry alongside her husband Frederic...
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