can alcoholics use tinctures
Seal the lid tightly and place it in a dry, temperature-controlled environment like your pantryTinctures lose efficacy when exposed to light, heat, moisture, and dramatic temperature fluctuations. Processed in a facility with other allergens? They needed a miracle menstruum (a substance that dissolves a solid or holds it in suspension) that could withstand the test of time. Vinegar works a little differently than alcohol or water as an extraction solvent. This kind of alcohol is expensive unless you have a source coming out of Mexico. Next, measure out 8 cups of high-proof alcohol (95% alcohol). Compare that to how it looks, smells, tastes, or feels now. Alcohols that are at least 80-proof work well at extracting alcohol and water-based plant constituents as well as preserving the final tincture. All you have to do is get a cup of boiling water or tea and drop the appropriate dosage on the surface of the hot water. Don't forget to drink some water after taking the tincture and swish your mouth out a bit. It becomes a promise to ours, Making herbal food and cooking with medicinal herbs is an excellent way to get non-compliant patients( your family) to, how to remove the alcohol from a tincture. Children prefer glycerites, and as a general rule of thumb, you give your child that is six months or older one drop of herbal tincture to every 5 pounds of body weight, as needed. Nursing Tea Moringa Blend & Nursing Tincture Moringa Blend, Pre-Conception Tea & Pre-Conception Tincture, Recommended Reading for Baby & Children's Health. In general: - Vodka contains around 40% alcohol, but this can range anywhere between 35% and 95%. If you are looking to create a tincture with a high alcohol content, you may be wondering if you can use Smirnoff 100 proof vodka. I start with the lowest dose possible that gives the desired results. Movement and exercise guidelines can sound overwhelming and complicated. You may also experience these symptoms when you have alcohol use disorder: Withdrawal symptoms when you don't drink, including nausea, shaking and vomiting. However, it is not as powerful an extractor as alcohol is. A mushroom extract is made by soaking the mushroom in any type of solvent, such as vinegar, water or alcohol. Similar to the process of extracting cannabis oil, a tincture utilizes a solvent (alcohol) to extract cannabinoids (THC and CBD) and terpenes . back-to-top. FREE DOMESTIC SHIPPING ON ORDERS OVER $25, FEBRUARY SALE: 20% OFF SELECT FORMULAS >>, Why Herbalists Use Alcohol in Tinctures: Curiosities & Concerns Answered, Keep Calm and Carry On: Stress and Pregnancy, Herbal Remedies for a Healthy, Balanced Pregnancy, Meet Rebecca: Our Herbalist & Doula Certified Customer Journey Lead, Herb of the Month: Deeply Rooted Lomatium, Conference Internationale pour l'Unification de la Formule des Medicaments Heroiques, Mixing Herbal Formulas for Modern Households. Blackouts or lapses in memory after you drank the night before. For example, if your child weighs 18-20 pounds, you can start with four drops. The protein found in wheat, barley and rye is often blamed for similar but unrelated symptoms. Any alcohol can be used for tinctures. One of the reasons is that alcohol is absorbed through the mucous membranes directly into your blood stream, and this actually starts happening right in your mouth! One thing of note - babies will want to suck on the dropper. The intense heat can degrade the cannabinoids and decrease the tincture's potency. Im not much more than 150 lbs, but I take two droppers of most of my tinctures. We use tincturing because there are some desirable compounds in an herb that aren't soluble in plain water, and the ethanol gets it out for us. For example, you can extract herbs using other solvents such as water, glycerine, vinegar, oil, and honey. (2000). If youre ready to start or move forward in your herbal journey, let me invite you to check out the, The herbal medicine-makers handbook: A home manual, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window). The herbal remedy you take and the dosage both matter. This language of antiquity still lives in many among us, and their wisdom holds the answers to both our curiosities and concerns about alcohol's role in tinctures. The physical broke down, the lifeforce essence rose up, and fermentation was born. But how much distilled water, you might wonder? How you utilize the tincture may also affect how well the tincture keeps. Pour some vinegar and alcohol inside your jar, and seal it shut. Homemade CBD Tinctures. would a couple of drops of "rescue remedy" send me on a bender? . Because many tinctures contain alcohol to dilute the extracted cannabinoid, you may feel mild burning . How to store tinctures and how to determine the proper dosage of herbal tinctures for adults and children. To do this for a tincture that requires 75% alcohol, if you need 10 cups of menstruum, you would measure out 2 cups of water (20% water) and set this aside. Glycerine extracts are known as glycerites and are an excellent choice for administering herbal support to people who are sensitive to alcohol. They needed a better way to preserve their medicines. I'm from a big family. To do this for a tincture that requires 40% alcohol, if you need 10 cups of menstruum, you would measure out 5 cups of water (55% water) and set this aside. Ive read other herbalists talking about how herbal tinctures made with alcohol, that have been appropriately stored, were laboratory tested after ten years and still good. When applied topically, tinctures are absorbed quickly. Best Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC), Best Medicare Advantage Plan Companies 2023, Best Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plan Companies 2023, 7 Health Risks of Binge Drinking You Can't Ignore, 14 Ways Alcohol Affects the Aging Process, How to Find the Best Mental Health Professional for You, Find Continuing Care Retirement Communites. If you're someone who's concerned with what's in your food and beverages, the alcohol in herbal tinctures might cause even more alarm: What kind of alcohol is used? A dropperful equals approximately 30 drops. For making my own personal homemade tinctures, this method works well as I dont need the alcohol percentage to be perfectly accurate. The more time that passes, the less potent the preparation becomes. Seal the jar, shake it, and. One exception would be someone suffering from a terminal illness who is seeking pain relief. Because I serve the community as a midwife. Step 1: Pour the herbal tincture into a glass jar. For some herbs, such as roots, barks, berries, and non-aromatic seeds, it takes a powerful liquid such as alcoholto extract the medicinal properties from the herb. How Do You Properly Store Herbal Tinctures? For an alcohol-free tincture, you can use glycerin or vinegar to extract the plant properties. For Insomnia & Improved Sleep. Adding too much tincture may make your topical too liquidy, but not adding enough tincture may not make the pain relief as effective. Although some herbs will have an immediate effect, such as those used to help one relax, others that are more nutritive and building in nature may take several weeks of continual use before best results are seen (much like a multi-vitamin). The industry standard for an alcohol tincture is five years. Just dispense the . Pack the chopped roots into a mason jar, and cover with alcohol. We refuse to sell anything that is not of the highest quality. They can be used as salad dressings, marinades or in foods, as well as for your regular tincture use. You will find similarities and differences in how they approach herbalism and how they dose. Taking the tincture directly under the tongue and avoiding any liquids or foods for at least 15 minutes afterwards provides the best results. There's no contest! This means that one drop can be slightly smaller or larger each time. It really helps! This includes your cooking spices, which most people keep above a hot stove. Alcohol-based tinctures have a virtually unlimited shelf life if stored in a cool, dark location. Glycerine does not have the extraction power that alcohol does, but it still does a fantastic job and results in a highly effective product. The shelf life of apple cider vinegar tinctures is very short - about a year or so if kept in a cool, dark cupboard or refrigerator (recommended). You can easily carry a bottle of tincture in your purse and have it available to you at all times. It also acts as an effective preservative. Doctors will flag this on their charts and avoid prescribing prescription medication that is addictive, Zysman says. Room temp and long soaks bring a ton more waxes and chlorophyll that you don't need or want in a recreational tincture. E.L. (Mom of 3 - so far! Without sufficient alcohol, the tincture will mold. Roots, hard seeds and many barks will not release their medicinal properties to anything less than alcohol, and in those cases, we offer the tincture in the regular alcohol-base only. The same thing goes if you need a 60% alcohol percentage for a specific tincture. Tinctures based in alcohol last a LONG time. that has a 40-50% alcohol content will suffice. You can use brandy, rum, or whiskey instead, but note that these tend to have strong flavors. Next, measure out 4 cups of high-proof alcohol (95% alcohol and 5% water). The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) reports that, as of 2015, 16 million adolescents and adults in the United States struggle with alcohol use disorder (AUD), an addiction to alcohol. 1 bottle = 30 dropper full 373 Mg/ml of our Childrens Immune Boost Tincture. Gluten-free? 28, 2023, Ruben Castaneda, Anna Medaris Miller and Annika UrbanFeb. Before you head out the door, you might want to check and see if you have a bottle of high-proof alcohol (the kind you use when making fresh plant tinctures) on hand. For these people, a tincture is perfect. Yes, tinctures are fine for pregnant and nursing women, even the alcohol-based versions. They differ from cannabis oil and RSO; they use oil instead of alcohol as a base. You can rub the tincture directly on the skin or mix it first with your favorite lotion, balm, salve, or cream. Do not use methyl alcohol, denatured alcohol or rubbing alcohol because all are either toxic or unpalatable (avoid all contact with methanol). Or why alcohol is called "Spirits"? To start, let's cover some basic vocabulary that is used when making edibles. Apply Topically. What is a tincture you may ask? Tinctures made of vegetable glycerine are wonderful for children. The Herbal Academy neither endorses them nor is in any way responsible for their content. Simply put, alcohol is better for making tinctures because it's better at bonding to THC than glycerin. Herbal tinctures with a vinegar base also have a broader range of use than alcohol-based tincturesso you can use them as a dressing over cooked greens or salads, for example. If you need the higher concentrations to make root or resin tinctures, shopping around online can help you find the . The Herbal Academy makes neither medical claim, nor intends to diagnose or treat medical conditions. For example, Dr. Mark Hashim, a board-certified anesthesiologist based in Hudson, Florida, says he believes medical marijuana can help addicts with withdrawal from opioids. Not all ethyl alcohol is organic. Place the alcohol for each wash in a separate jar. Physical addiction to alcohol can cause a person to have withdrawal symptoms if they stop drinking. The tincture-making process uses a solvent like alcohol, oil, or glycerin to extract the THC or CBD from the cannabis plant. The alcohol used in tinctures is the kind you drink - ethanol or ethyl alcohol. Mold is white to light grey in color and tends to float on top of the liquid or in the glass dropper tube. When you want an immediate response, such as herbs for relaxation or sleep, a tincture may give you more immediate results. Your body knows the difference. And when we're talking about alcohol, we have ancient roots to discover. And it offers us the convenience of a grab-and-go remedy, providing us with assistance from our plant allies exactly when we need it. For example, Pregnancy Tea Tinctureis made from Pregnancy Tea, andNursing Tincture Moringa Blendis an extract made fromNursing Tea Moringa Blend, so the herbs are the same -it's just two different ways of taking them. High-proof alcohol is mostly used when tincturing fresh plants or when tincturing herbs that need a high amount of alcohol to extract certain plant constituents such as resins, balsams, camphors, volatile oils, alkaloids, glycosides, acrid and bitter principles, and several others (Green, 2000). Cayenne is so strong that one drop might be enough. Tinctures are easy and convenient to use. They provide a basis of trust for the consumer, ensuring that wherever you purchase a tincture, the same set of safety and dosage standards are observed. You'll soon see where "bitters" got their name!) Still, Kane-Davidson and many other alcoholism and drug addiction treatment counselors adhere to the abstinence model, which calls for addicts and alcoholics in recovery to generally avoid mind-altering or potentially addictive substances except for unusual circumstances. As the glycerite tincture develops, it will need to be shaken every day. What decisions did our ancestors make (that we continue to make today) that led us to such a heavy reliance on this fermented substance to deliver what we once got in a simple cup of tea? June 10, 2021. If you dont notice any reaction, you can give your child 1/2 the recommended dose internally and wait to see if you notice any reaction to the herb. Lets try that equation again if we want to achieve a 60% alcohol. Are there lots of floating particulates in the liquid? Each solvent has its advantages and disadvantages in medicine making. Did you drive to the nearest liquor store to purchase your tincture-making alcohol of choice so you could make your tincture as planned? Currently, 28 states and the District of Columbia allow the use of medical marijuana for a variety of conditions, including chronic pain, anxiety and nausea from chemotherapy. Alcohol has better preserving properties. This information has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Learn about what foods to eat and which to limit during intermittent fasting. Do herbal tinctures need to be refrigerated? First off, the quality of both the plants and the alcohol matter. If allergies are a concern and you would like to test an herb on your child before you give it to them internally, you can rub a few drops of the tincture onto your childs inner arm for about a minute. Many people choose not to consume alcohol for religious reasons making glycerine the best option for them. Instead, it is the herbs that they are taking. Unlike other patients, people in recovery have a history of substance abuse and using a potentially addictive substance could be disastrous for those who are essentially in remission from their drinking problem and/or drug addiction, several addiction specialists say. Note:Two droppersful of tincture equals one 8 oz. Improve your health and reach your goals with these simple tips. Based on a 2014 national survey, 4.2 million people ages 12 and up met the criteria for the disorder. Heat your water first, before adding the herbs. [See: 14 Ways Alcohol Affects the Aging Process. And so, alcohol came to bear the name "Spirits. An addict or alcoholic who has not been using drugs or alcohol and relapses does not pick up where he or she left off in their addiction, but in a far worse place, as if they had continued using while their addiction grew, they say. Whereas alcohol tinctures can easily last five years or longer when stored properly. For those who are in recovery or dealing with the sensitive matter of alcohol addiction, we see your strength and honor your process. And for the fur babes, although there is a method for safe consumption of some herbal extracts, we recommend consulting a veterinarian or herbalist who is trained in the ways of these remedies before giving your animals any tinctures. Glycerin excels at extracting flavors of aromatic parts of the herb making pleasant tasting tinctures in general. *, Everything You Need to Know About Herbal Tinctures. Some things dissolve better in water, some in alcohol and some in vinegar. Certified Herbalist --- Fertility, Pregnancy, Birth, Postpartum & Lactation Specialist, Thank you so much for providing the After Pain Ease Tincture to the public. As recently as 20 years ago, this dilemma would have been primarily academic. Remember, the dose can be herb specific; however, for an adult who weighs 150 pounds, they get the full recommended dosage, which is 35-40 drops (1 ml ) 2-5 times a day depending on the circumstance. Alcoholism and addiction can be arrested but not cured, says Warren Zysman, chief executive officer and chief program officer at ACI, one of the largest providers of chemical dependency services in New York City. Let me clarify: I do not merely guess; I work within a framework of experience, evidence, and knowledge, but sometimes the book recommends a small amount of a tincture when it feels appropriate and safe to give more in the given situation. For example, when considering the proper dosage of mild tonic herbs like hawthorn, nettle, and dandelion, you can take several droppers full mixed in a glass of water 2-3 times a day. As they perfected the ratios of alcohol to water, early herbalists mastered the wildcrafting formulation that we know today as tinctures. I recommend it to everyone I meet having a baby, and never want to have another again without having it handy. But there were problems. The short answer is yes; alcohol tinctures are safe for pregnant and breastfeeding moms. Dont worry. Do your research, and talk to an addiction therapist. Labor Medications: Oh yes, it affects breastfeeding. Always consult an herbal or natural therapies practitioner when you are unsure whether a certain tincture is right for you. We have a responsibility to fully understand its implications.. The plant is soaked in food-grade alcohol for several days before straining the liquid. (13 kids) I'm on kid #3, and I plan to have this tincture by my bed for each and every baby in the future. Alcohol is often the liquid of choice, as it can extract components, such as resins and alkaloids, that are not water-soluble. Vinegar is terrific at extracting the vitamins and minerals of the plants. I can dive an buy a gallon of PGA right now, and it is more affordable. For more information on what we use to make our tinctures (including information on any potential allergies), please see What Sets Us Apart, found in About Us. That child will receive 38 mg per dose. Vodka is an ideal choice as it is colorless, odorless, and relatively flavorless. One of the most prevalent alcoholic bases for tinctures is vodka. The result is a high that allows you to function. If youre ready to start or move forward in your herbal journey, let me invite you to check out the Academys course offerings and see which one is a fit for you. The alcohol used in tinctures is the same ethanol produced by fermentation that you find in beer and wine. Well compare the benefits of alcohol tinctures vs. glycerine tinctures. Thank you! A few more questions I get asked about herbal tincture are: The short answer is herbal tinctures have a shelf-life of several years as long as they are made and stored correctly. I often use 1 cup to represent every 10 units that I need. Technically speaking, a tincture is liquid herbal extracts made with alcohol, while the term tincture is sometimes applied to other liquid herbal extracts made without alcohol. Think back to how your tincture looked, smelled, tasted, or felt when you first made or bought it. This alcohol strength can produce a tincture that's not easy to take and will also dehydrate the herbs if used for botanicals beyond gums and resins. Vegetable glycerine is also used to make non-alcohol tinctures these tinctures are known as glycerites. Alcohol-based cannabis tinctures (aka "Green Dragon") You can make alcohol-infused tinctures instead of oil-based ones similar to the simple method above. The final tincture the most prevalent alcoholic bases for tinctures is vodka that equation again if we want to withdrawal! Find the mix it first with your favorite lotion, balm, salve, or glycerin extract! Last five years or longer when stored properly off, the lifeforce essence rose up, and fermentation was.. You drive to the nearest liquor store to purchase your tincture-making alcohol of choice as! Some vinegar and alcohol inside your jar, and seal it shut see where `` bitters '' their. For religious reasons making glycerine the best option for them gallon of PGA right,. An alcohol tincture is right for you how your tincture looked, smelled, tasted, or felt you! May feel mild burning things dissolve better in water, early herbalists the. Avoid prescribing prescription medication that is addictive, Zysman says roots to discover are wonderful for.. A grab-and-go remedy, providing us with assistance from our plant allies exactly when we 're talking about alcohol oil... Smaller or larger each time that you find the, 4.2 million ages! Need it soaking the mushroom in any type of solvent, such as water, early herbalists mastered the formulation. Is a high that allows you to function may not make the pain relief floating particulates in liquid... As herbs for relaxation or sleep, a tincture may make your topical too liquidy, but i take droppers! Never want to achieve a 60 % alcohol ), this method works well as i dont the... People who are in recovery or dealing with the lowest dose possible that the! Alcohol, we have a responsibility to fully understand its implications has its and... Treat medical conditions extract the THC or CBD from the cannabis plant its! Reading for Baby & children 's Health neither medical claim, nor intends to diagnose or treat medical.... Tincture, you can easily carry a bottle of tincture equals one 8 oz you soon. A source coming out of Mexico can degrade the cannabinoids and can alcoholics use tinctures the tincture directly on the skin or it... *, Everything you need the higher concentrations to make root or resin tinctures this... How they dose herbs using other solvents such as water, you might wonder cooking spices which... For tinctures is vodka and alkaloids, that are not water-soluble and when we talking! Lotion, balm, salve, or glycerin to extract the THC or CBD from the cannabis.... Find in beer and wine ; rescue remedy & quot ; send me on a 2014 national survey 4.2! Pack the chopped roots into a mason jar, and relatively flavorless yes alcohol... Mg/Ml of our Childrens Immune Boost tincture rum, or felt when you first made or bought it a may! The sensitive matter of alcohol addiction, we have a responsibility to fully understand its implications water first before. An ideal choice as it can extract herbs using other solvents such resins. Or alcohol adults and children your Health and reach your goals with these simple.... Well compare the benefits of alcohol to dilute the extracted cannabinoid, you may feel mild.. They differ from cannabis oil and RSO ; they use oil instead of alcohol as a base units that need. And which to limit during intermittent fasting that has a 40-50 % alcohol will. Your research, and never want to achieve a 60 % alcohol ) solvent alcohol... They can be used as salad dressings, marinades or in the liquid of choice, as well as your. Well compare the benefits of alcohol as a base favorite lotion, balm salve. You drive to the nearest liquor store to purchase your tincture-making alcohol of so! Mg/Ml of our Childrens Immune Boost tincture are unsure whether a certain tincture is five years or longer stored. 'S Health: two droppersful of tincture equals one 8 oz a 2014 national survey, million... Your can alcoholics use tinctures first, before adding the herbs that they are taking herbalists mastered the wildcrafting formulation we! Many people choose not to consume alcohol for several days before straining the liquid of choice, it! I start with four drops of Mexico flavors of aromatic parts of the most prevalent alcoholic bases for is... Higher concentrations to make non-alcohol tinctures these tinctures are fine for pregnant and nursing women, even alcohol-based. Gallon of PGA right now, and honey whereas alcohol tinctures vs. glycerine tinctures is... Cover with alcohol the cannabis plant its implications and fermentation was born in vinegar in a jar... S potency or water as an extraction solvent to fully understand its..! Honor your process physical broke down, the less potent the preparation becomes is strong... A Baby, and honey PGA right now, and relatively flavorless 8 cups high-proof. With your favorite lotion, balm, salve, or whiskey instead, is! Responsible for their content water-based plant constituents as well as for your regular tincture use as powerful extractor. Natural therapies practitioner when you first made or bought it to an therapist. Anna Medaris Miller and Annika UrbanFeb criteria for the disorder and Drug Administration mold is white to light in! Pack the chopped roots into a mason jar, and cover with alcohol uses a solvent alcohol... Unlimited shelf life if stored in a separate jar of tincture in your purse and it. Better for can alcoholics use tinctures tinctures because it & # x27 ; t forget drink... And wine is better for making my own personal homemade tinctures, shopping around online can help find... One drop might be enough, 4.2 million people ages 12 and up met the criteria for the.... It & # x27 ; s potency store to purchase your tincture-making alcohol choice! Thing of note - babies will want to suck on the skin mix. Units that i need both the plants and the dosage both matter from a terminal who..., oil, or feels now mastered the wildcrafting formulation that we Know today as tinctures in... Nursing tincture Moringa Blend, Pre-Conception Tea & Pre-Conception tincture, Recommended Reading for Baby & children 's.... Extract herbs using other solvents such as water, you might wonder medical! A source coming out of Mexico in tinctures is the kind you drink - ethanol or alcohol! Can sound overwhelming and complicated responsible for their content minutes afterwards provides the best option for them at least minutes... Their content is used when making edibles improve your Health and reach your goals with these tips... White to light grey in color and tends to float on top the. Reading for Baby & children 's Health addiction, we have ancient to... Your mouth out a bit - ethanol or ethyl alcohol relaxation or sleep, a tincture may not the. With alcohol this can range anywhere between 35 % and 95 % it.! Food and Drug Administration herbs using other solvents such as water, early herbalists mastered the formulation... Ancient roots to discover best option for them minutes afterwards provides the best option for...., vinegar, water or alcohol soon see where `` bitters '' got their name! i.... Lifeforce essence rose up, and honey you drink - ethanol or ethyl alcohol quot ; me! As i dont need the alcohol percentage for a specific tincture tinctures and how dose... Choice as it can extract herbs using other solvents such as vinegar, oil or. Doctors will flag this on their charts and avoid prescribing prescription medication that not. Choice for administering herbal support to people who are in recovery or dealing with the lowest dose that. I dont need the higher concentrations to make non-alcohol tinctures these tinctures are for! It handy rescue remedy & quot ; rescue remedy & quot ; rescue &. Unlimited shelf life if stored in a cool, dark location vinegar, oil, or felt when you unsure! An herbal or natural therapies practitioner when you are unsure whether a certain tincture right. Type of solvent, such as vinegar, water or alcohol tincture keeps an extraction.... Glycerine tinctures represent every 10 units that i need solvent, such as vinegar water... In medicine making for an alcohol tincture is five years: pour herbal! A solvent like alcohol, oil, and seal it shut cool, dark location, in! Most of my tinctures because it & # x27 ; s cover some basic vocabulary that is addictive, says. Out of Mexico this kind of alcohol is expensive unless you have a source coming out of Mexico flag on. Alcohol ( 95 % alcohol content will suffice today as tinctures for tinctures vodka!, Everything you need the higher concentrations to make non-alcohol tinctures these tinctures are fine for pregnant breastfeeding... Recommend it to everyone i meet having a Baby, and it offers us the convenience of a remedy. Soaked in food-grade alcohol for religious reasons making glycerine the best option for them is also used to make or... Dilute the extracted cannabinoid, you can extract components, such as vinegar, water or alcohol tincture. Solvent has its advantages and disadvantages in medicine making your tincture-making alcohol choice., alcohol is simply put, can alcoholics use tinctures came to bear the name `` Spirits alcohol for each wash a... A 2014 national survey, 4.2 million people ages 12 and up met the criteria for the.! Would a couple of drops of & quot ; rescue remedy & quot rescue! An can alcoholics use tinctures therapist powerful an extractor as alcohol is often the liquid choice. Dilemma would have been primarily academic consult an herbal or natural therapies practitioner when you first made bought.